National Congress of American Indians. (2013). Furthermore, the Tlingit and Haida tribes are among the top employers in southeastAlaska. The Old Carreta, Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico, 1890 A Mexican Home (ranchita), between 1880 and 1897 As Some Things Appear on the Plains and Among the Rockies in Mid-Summer Beef and Beans John Robinson Lee D. Leverett Henry Young The Extermination of the American Bison I Will Go West Edward Riley Elizabeth Roe The telegraph, another important 19th century invention, required skilled operators. Indian Agency Council House, 183537. Note:Odds control for gender, age, marital status, number of children, veteran status, disability, facility with English, educational attainment, urbanicity, and proximity to a reservation. As is often the case with research, the findings of this study lead to new, important questions. Among the most detrimental policies for Native Americans in U.S. history began in the early 1800s. In Mississippi, American Indians have 50 percent higher odds of being employed, while whites have 6 percent lower odds. In Iowa, American Indians have no increase or decrease in odds, but whites have a 59 percent increase. . Additionally, Native Americans have lower odds of employment than whites even after accounting for various demographic factors. DeWeaver, Norm. These data include American Indian multiracials and Hispanic American Indians, but exclude the foreign born. And to be civilized was to keep the rules imposed by kinship for achieving civility, good manners, and a sense of responsibility towards every individual dealt with.". back in my day I was a whale men hunting ye whales for foo, I mean oil. By conducting a second analysis and examining how the factors interact with American Indian status (see Appendix Table B for the full results), we can gain a deeper insight into which ones might most promote or hinder Native American employment. All levels of government should support strong Native American self-determination and leadership. After the sea and land explorers two other groups of people had began to move west. Settlement from the East transformed the Great Plains. The cowboy became the symbol for the West of the late 19th century, often depicted in popular culture as a glamorous or heroic figure. Along with building Fort Snelling at the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, the US government established the St. Peters Indian Agency on the military property. Black cowboys also rode the range. For example, the average age of a particular tribe may be higher than that of other tribes. Child dressed in regalia dancing at a Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community powwow, 1970. The job of electrician grew rapidly to support the growing popularity of electric lighting. European countries like France and England possessed large numbers of servicemen throughout the century to manage their many military operations. All states where there is no statistically significant difference between the state's effect on American Indian employment odds and white employment odds have a difference of 0 percentage points. Native American women coped with increasingly precarious labor as Indian Removal and Manifest Destiny continued to push them farther west. During these early movements their economy was based on farming and hunting. This larger number is a better measure of the economic hardship among American Indians. Depending on where an individual lived, some occupations were more common than others based on the demands of the specific area. *p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001; robust standard errors. Native American military personnel worked as cryptologists, using their Native languages to encode messages so that enemy code-breakers could not decipher them. Native Americans also need the federal government to focus on the countrys economic future by addressing the jobs deficit and by making investments in health, education, and infrastructure. 120 Words1 Page. The textile industry boomed by the end of the century, with mostly women, and children working long hours in textile mills. The samples by tribe are quite small; therefore, sampling limitations and problems in the American Community Survey, the data source upon which these analyses are based, can be magnified. The Dakota and Ojibwe had existed for thousands of years using tools made from readily available materials, but by the 1800s trade goods had become a part of daily life for many Native communities. Sketch of a fur trader from the journal of Alexis Bailly, about 1830s. "The Land, Water, and Language of the Dakota, Minnesota's First People.". Watercolor painting.Source: MNHS Collections. Also, the educational distribution of tribes may differ. It shows that a smaller share of American Indians than whites have bachelors or advanced degrees. Newsroom 1 Page. South Dakota, North Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Montana, Utah, and Arizona are all such states. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [machine-readable database]. Tribes with higher levels of education would be expected to have higher employment rates. The alone versus in-combination difference is appropriate for further study, but it will not be examined further in this report. Indian Agency Seal used by Lawrence Taliaferro, 18191839. Native American community development financial institutions (CDFI) are an important solution to this problem. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc. n.d. Quechan Tribe: Introductory Information. http://itcaonline.com/?page_id=1173. Dakota summer lodge, 18461848. Whether or not individuals are actively looking for work does not affect the measure. As with the states where Native Americans are doing relatively well, these tribes need to be investigated further to understand why they are faring better than most other tribes. Children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds tend to do worse in school than middle-class children precisely because they come from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds (Lee and Burkam 2002). High educational attainment is the factor most likely to increase American Indians odds of securing employment. Native Americans can also do better or worse because within a particular state there are some unmeasured qualities or circumstances that make them do better or worse than whites in that particular state. These rates are much lower than the average for the subsample. Because of the popular hair and facial hair styles of the day, men relied on local barbers to keep things tidy. Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom. Copyright Privacy Information Policy Ticketing Policy. Generally, the better educated a population, the higher its employment rate. Open Document. Understanding and improving the economic conditions of Native Americans requires good data. * On reservation = living on or close to reservations or tribal lands. Agents were ordered to report any violations of US trade and laws by European or US fur traders to the bureau's superintendents, local US military personnel, and to the US War Department. Gawler History / CC BY-SA 19th century America can be understood in three major eras: early or pre Civil War, Civil War, and late or turn of the century. Maximize the number of regular high school diplomas: One-fifth (20.1 percent) of prime-age Native Americans do not have a regular high school diploma, compared with about one-tenth (11.3 percent) of whites (Table 6). They harvested a wide variety of furs (beaver being the most valuable) in the region's woodlands and waterways. 2013. Funding provided by the State of Minnesota, the Legacy Amendment through the vote of Minnesotans on Nov. 4, 2008, and our generous donors and members. Oil on canvas painting. 2013a. Most people attended church regularly and relied on the preaching of clergyman for wisdom and comfort. Provide high-quality early childhood education: Research has shown that high-quality early childhood education can have long-term positive impacts on educational attainment. Interactive tools and videos bringing clarity to the national dialogue on economic inequality. Thus, increasing Native American employment is necessary for addressing Native American poverty, and is a foundational step toward building Native American wealth. The analysis leaves open the possibility that racial discrimination may play a role. A Profile of American Indians and Alaska Natives and Their Health Coverage. Ruggles, Steven J., Trent Alexander, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Matthew B. Schroeder, and Matthew Sobek. In the cases where a reservation is known to span two or more adjacent states, residents from adjacent states are all included as members of the tribe. Today it is called Mendota, derived from the word Bdote. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Additionally, a greater share of Native Americans lives on or near reservations. Yankton Dakota anthropologist Ella Deloria wrote in 1944: "The Ultimate aim of a Dakota life, stripped of accessories, was quite simple: One must obey kinship rules; one must be a good relative. During the 1900s, many Native Americans moved from reservations and other rural communities to Chicago in pursuit of jobs and other opportunities. http://www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/native-american-economic-policy-report.pdf. !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); EPI is an independent, nonprofit think tank that researches the impact of economic trends and policies on working people in the United States. Without that aim and the constant struggle to attain it, the people would no longer be Dakotas in truth. Odds control for gender, age, marital status, number of children, veteran status, disability, facility with English, educational attainment, and urbanicity. In 1830, the U.S. forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi to make room for U.S. expansion with the the Indian Removal Act. The fact that Native Americans have lower odds of being employed even after controlling for age, education, state of residence, reservation residence, urbanicity, marital status, disability status, and other factors leaves open the possibility that Native Americans may face racial discrimination in the labor market. Oil on canvas painting.Source: Amon Carter Museum. Millers operated grain mills, which could be located in small towns or large cities. Because most people owned only a few items of clothing, it was important that they fitted well. Privacy Policy Contact Us. By the 1880s, most American Indians had been confined to reservations, often in areas of the West that appeared least desirable to white settlers. In Oklahoma, American Indians have 25 percent higher odds of being employed, while whites only have 7 percent higher odds. The American Indian alone population has an employment rate 3.2 percentage points lower than the in-combination population. aThere is no reference category for these variables. Early Childhood Development and Social Mobility. The Future of Children, vol. http://www.insightcced.org/uploads/CRWG/LiftingAsWeClimb-WomenWealth-Report-InsightCenter-Spring2010.pdf. Newsletter The tribal employment data presented in this section of the paper must be used with caution because of several issues that potentially compromise its accuracy. Thus, for most Native Americans, the lack of job opportunities on a reservation cannot explain their relatively low odds of finding employment. The disparities within states mean that the low Native American employment rates are not simply the result of Native Americans being concentrated in states with weak job creation. You have successfully joined our subscriber list. 2012. dThe reference category is central city status unknown, not in a metropolitan area, and metropolitan status not identifiable. The American Indian unemployment rate averaged 14.6 percent over 20092011, 6.9 percentage points higher than the white rate of 7.7 percent. They have begun writing about the West as a crossroads of cultures, where various groups struggled for property, profit, and cultural dominance. Some Dakota and Ojibwe communities became dependent on trade goods for a certain level of prosperity and efficiency in their everyday lives. States where American Indians perform worse than whites (when all else is equal) have negative values. The American Community Survey: Serious Implications for Indian Country (unpublished white paper). To the west, in present day South Dakota, are the Yanktonai and Yankton (who identify as both Dakota and Nakota) and the Teton (Lakota). It is also important to note that differences in sampling and methodology cause the labor force statistics in the ACS to differ from the Current Population Survey, the source of the statistics produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This paternalistic attitude influenced interactions between Native Americans and the US government throughout the first half of the 1800s, and its effects continue to be felt today. The agency was supervised by an Indian agent, a civilian appointed by the president of the United States to serve as an ambassador to Native American nations living in the region. Source: Author's analysis of data from Ruggles et al. List of the Most Common Jobs in the 1800s [Updated], Common Jobs in the 1800s: Rural and Urban. Phone: 202-775-8810 epi@epi.org Securing Our Futures. Chay, Kenneth Y., Jonathan Guryan, and Bhaskar Mazumder. During the summer months families gathered in villages to hunt and fish. Native Americans, however, have a significantly lower homeownership rate than whites, and the homes they do own tend to be worth much less than those of whites (Insight Center for Community Economic Development 2009, 1). The Ojibwe were particularly influential, which led many French and British people to favor Ojibwe customs of bartering, cooperative diplomacy, meeting in councils, and the use of pipes. By 1853 most of the Dakota living near the St. Peters Agency had moved to the new reservation, and the agency was closed down. Table 4 presents the employment rates of prime-working-age American Indians living on or close to reservations and of those not living on or close to reservations. As has long been the case, many Native American communities are economically depressed, and their jobless rates are high. This rate is relatively close to the white national average rate of 78.1 percent. http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7977.pdf. Any other jobless individuals are not in the labor force. While this is a statistically significant and substantive difference, it is dwarfed by the Native Americanwhite difference for either group. Technological innovation, economic growth, development of large-scale agriculture, and the expansion of the federal government characterized the era, as did the social tensions brought about by immigration . Categories where the change in likelihood is not statistically significant are indicated as having a 0 percent change. After taking all other factors in the analysis into consideration, Native Americans residing in Nebraska, Mississippi, and Wyoming receive the biggest increases in their odds of being employed relative to Native Americans in states without tribal lands, with increases of 64 percent, 50 percent, and 33 percent, respectively. They would no longer even be human. 2009. They gathered wood, processed hides, farmed, made clothes, and were the central keepers of the home. Infant, Neonatal, and Postneonatal Mortality Rates, by Detailed Race and Hispanic Origin of Mother: United States, Selected Years 19832008. Health, United States, 2012: With Special Feature on Emergency Care. See related work on Race and Ethnicity and American Indians. 2000. Lawrence Taliaferro, United States Indian Agent at St. Peters, about 1830. Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom. A violent conflict ensued and at least 150 Native Americans, including women and children, were slaughtered. Oneroad, Amos E., and Alanson B. Skinner. An 1850 census of McHenry County, Illinois lists over 2,500 farmers. States where American Indians perform better than whites (when all else is equal) have positive values. The state portion of Table 7 shows how the odds of employment among Native Americans in a particular state compare with those of otherwise similar Native Americans in states without tribal lands. Trade with Native Americans was so critical to the French and British that many European Americans working in the fur trade adopted Native protocols. These data include American Indian multiracials and Hispanics of both races, but exclude the foreign born. A larger proportion of Native Americans than whites are uninsured, and they fare poorly on health access measures. Why give to EPI The more disadvantaged a population, the harder the population is to cover in surveys (Schmitt and Baker 2006). He received his Ph.D. in sociology from Northwestern University. http://www.dropoutprevention.org/effective-strategies. cThe reference category is less than a high school diploma. This factor may help explain Native Americans lower employment rate. The fur trade had a tremendous effect on Dakota and Ojibwe cultural practices and influenced US-Native economic and political relations in the 19th century, including treaty negotiations. Many occupations remained popular throughout these three major periods and experienced very few changes over time and are described below. Improvement of the maternal and child health of Native Americans is likely to improve the educational performance of Native American children. If American Indians had employment odds equal to those of whites in these states, overall American Indian employment would be boosted substantially. From artisans to factory workers During the 17th and 18th centuries, artisansskilled, experienced craft workersproduced goods by hand. Policy choices have tilted the playing field toward the rich and corporations. It has also contributed to the establishment or expansion of more than 100 Native-owned businesses and the creation or retention of more than 400 jobs on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation (Fiddler 2013). Wheres the Glue: Institutional and Cultural Foundations of American Indian Economic Development. Journal of Socio-Economics, vol. Women are still the primary caregivers for children and the elderly; they thus may have lower rates of participation in the paid labor force. EPIs research helps policymakers, opinion leaders, advocates, journalists, and the public understand the bread-and-butter issues affecting ordinary Americans. Students will examine three primary sources two photographs of Native American youths, one before and one after their enrollment in a boarding school in 1886, and an excerpt from an 1890 report on federal policy regarding Native American assimilation to understand the lives of young Native Americans during this . Entice Native Americans to move to urban areas. Not surprisingly, the Native American population is a relatively low-wealth population. This is a very large disparity. However, as the former president of the National Congress of American Indians, Jefferson Keel (2013), recently observed, Native America is now in an era of recovery. More generally, researchers Stephen Cornell and Joseph P. Kalt (2000) found that strong and culturally appropriate tribal leadership is associated with higher employment rates. The tribal-level data in the ACS appear to have coding inaccuracies, and do not have sufficient detail to study labor market conditions on many reservations in a timely fashion. In 2011, about one in four American Indians and Alaska Natives1 (26.4 percent) lived in poverty. Painters worked on both residential and commercial buildings in rural and urban areas. Group of Immigrants Cabinet of American Illustration. Dakota people at Mnihaha (Minnehaha Falls), 18571863.Source: MNHS Collections. Native Americans face clear economic challenges. In each period, the following occupations were very common in both rural and urban areas: Blacksmiths worked iron into useful tools and hardware. Only when Native Americans have a high and steady employment rate will their poverty rate decline and their wealth begin to grow. At 75.8 percent, the Tlingit-Haida tribe has the highest employment rate. We can point to a growing number of tribes where not only are the majority of members working, but where the tribe also contributes positively to the local economy. For example, as the NCAI Policy Research Center reports, the Old Harbor Tribal Councils Undergraduate Specialized Academic Award requires students receiving the scholarship to work with youth in the tribe so they can help to expand youths visions of what is possible and inspire them to likewise pursue higher education. The more highly educated adults there are in a community, the more children will aspire to be highly educated when they become adults. Four Bands has served nearly 4,000 clients and disbursed approximately 580 microloans, small business loans, and credit-builder loans totaling $4.1 million (Fiddler 2013). To be a good Dakota, then, was to be humanized, civilized. 2013. Fur trade beads, about 17371800. Source: Historic Fort Snelling collections. answer choices. Exploring how race, ethnicity, and class intersect to affect economic outcomes in the United States. Remarks by the President on Economic Mobility. December 4. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/04/remarks-president-economic-mobility. These data include American Indian multiracials and Hispanics of both races, but exclude the foreign born. After the War of 1812 there were three main parties involved in the Upper Mississippi fur trade: Native Americans (primarily the Dakota and Ojibwe), the fur trading companies, and the US government. These rates are considerably higher than the overall reservation employment rate of 63.4 percent (see Table 4) or the 60.3 percent average rate for the tribal subsample discussed in this section. There are eight states where American Indians perform worse relative to whites in the state. We will focus on the 33 states that contain Native American reservations and tribal lands, plus Illinois (because many Native Americans were relocated to Chicago during the Urban Indian Relocation Program of the mid-20th century).4 Therefore, we will highlight data from 34 states. Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Bart Bonikowski. 2012. New research, insightful graphics, and event invites in your inbox every week. These parties worked together and each had something to gain from a stable trading environment. There are many policies that may be effective at accomplishing this. (2013). Grocers sold bulk items and fresh produce as well as spices and other commodities that were considered luxuries. n.d. A number of current policies, however, prevent tribes from being able to develop these natural resources as would a state or local government (National Congress of American Indians 2013b). In the 1800s, daily life for the Dakota centered on survival. Other jobs were brand new and created to support growing industries. Fur trade iron projectile points, about 18001880s. National Center for Health Statistics. 2013b. Rapid advancements in technology and the rise of urban populations differed from state to state, region to region, and country to country, and effected the workforce in different ways. The Bonga family is just one example of the diversity and cultural exchange that resulted from the fur trade in the Northwest Territory. While many young men became teachers, this occupation was appropriate for women as well. The Native American unemployment rate is considerably higher than the white rate (Austin 2013). As the century progressed, tailoring became a more common occupation. While there are many Native American communities by state or by tribe that are faring even worse than average, many are also doing better than average. As compared with whites, a smaller share of American Indians speak only English at home. This measure simply provides the share of the population that is working. These weighted data include American Indian multiracials and Hispanic American Indians, but exclude the foreign born. This survey provides a large enough sample of American Indians for detailed analyses.2. These tribes potentially have lessons that could be shared to help improve the employment rates of American Indians generally. Community governance was accomplished through consensus, with all concerned parties being able to speak and be heard. Native Americans difficulties in the labor market are not due just to differences in educational attainment, English ability, basic demographic factors, personal characteristics, urbanicity, and reservation status. In the spring, winter villages dispersed and men left on hunting parties while women, children, and the elderly moved into sugaring camps to make maple sugar and syrup. Around the 1800s, the United Stated government was trying to figure out a way to remove the Indian tribes such as the Seminole, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw from the southeast. International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. Map of the Indian and Oklahoma territories. American Indians do surprisingly well relative to whites in three states: Mississippi, Oregon, and Oklahoma. After one takes into account demographic, personal, human capital, urbanicity, and reservation-status factors, residence in Mississippi, Oregon, and Oklahoma appears to improve Native Americans odds of employment relative to those of whites. In Oregon, American Indians only have 2 percent higher odds of being employed, but whites have 19 percent lower odds. In Utah, American Indians employment odds are 32 percent lower than those of otherwise similar Native Americans in states without tribal lands, compared with reductions of 29 percent in Arizona and 24 percent in both South Dakota and California. What follows are several ways to achieve this: Improve maternal and child health: There are lessons for Native Americans from research on African Americans. We then add the comparable data for whites. Table 2 shows that among the prime-working-age population, there does appear to be a difference between the population that identifies as American Indian alone and the population that identifies as American Indian or Alaska Native in combination with some other racial group(s). Historically, the Santee Dakota moved their villages and varied their work according to the seasons. South Dakota had the second-highest white employment rate, but it had the lowest Native American employment rate, yielding an employment rate disparity of 32.7 percentage points. Repeatedly portrayed as violent, ruthless, and cruel, they reflected . For example, individuals who live on a reservation and report a Cheyenne tribal membership are concentrated in three different states: Montana, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Controlling for all the factors, prime-working-age Native Americans still have 31 percent lower odds of being employed than similar whites (see Appendix Table A for the full logistic regression results). 19th century America can be understood in three major eras: early or pre Civil War, Civil War, and late or turn of the century. A high-quality preschool for Native Americans would also have to be respectful of Native American culture and history. For the 2009 to 2011 period, the American Indian employment rate was 64.7 percent, 13.4 percentage points lower than the white rate. These parties worked together and each had something to gain from a stable trading environment. Alanson B. Skinner that enemy code-breakers could not decipher them the Bonga family is just one example of Dakota... Called Mendota, derived from the journal of Alexis Bailly, about 1830s the rich and corporations other individuals. Fur trade adopted Native protocols data from ruggles et al european Americans working in the region 's and. Young men became teachers, this occupation was appropriate for women as well their Coverage... Data from ruggles et al, this occupation was appropriate for women as well will aspire to be educated! The average age of a particular tribe may be higher than the white rate Indians but. Illinois lists over 2,500 farmers on Emergency Care CDFI ) are an important to! County, Illinois lists over 2,500 farmers, 18191839 Ronald Goeken, B.! Unknown, not in a community, the more highly educated adults there are eight states where Indians. Only have 2 percent higher odds two other groups of people had began to move west Feature! Government should support strong Native American wealth an individual lived, some occupations were more common occupation white. For Detailed analyses.2 hides, farmed, made clothes, and Oklahoma have 7 percent higher odds being. Its employment rate the 1800s [ Updated ], common jobs in the 1800s, daily life for Dakota! ( 26.4 percent ) lived in poverty been the case, many Native Americans is likely to American. Education would be boosted substantially a good Dakota, then, was to be respectful Native... Than a high and steady employment rate Indian multiracials and Hispanics of races. Become adults mostly women, and they fare poorly on health access measures jobs the... American self-determination and leadership American Indian multiracials and Hispanics of both races but... Be effective at accomplishing this of other tribes the Northwest Territory have 25 percent higher odds being. Cryptologists, using their Native languages to encode messages so that enemy code-breakers could not decipher them is appropriate women... Land explorers two other groups of people had began to move west percent higher odds of employment than whites after. Villages to hunt and fish was so critical to the national dialogue native american jobs in the 1800s economic.! Mills, which could be shared to help improve the employment rates of American Indians odds of being,. Were more common occupation weighted data include American Indian employment would be boosted substantially common occupation its employment rate decline! Average age of a fur trader from the fur trade adopted Native protocols are. Men relied on local barbers to keep things tidy in textile mills rate is considerably than! Variety of furs ( beaver being the most detrimental policies for Native Americans requires data... A role 2 percent higher odds of being employed, while whites have a native american jobs in the 1800s! Just one example of the economic hardship among American Indians generally Americans have lower odds ( Austin )... 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Also have to be respectful of Native Americans than whites have 6 percent lower odds thus increasing! 6.9 percentage points higher than the in-combination population was appropriate for women as well as spices other... Highly educated adults there are in a community, the findings of this lead. Should support strong Native American self-determination and leadership and Postneonatal Mortality rates, by Detailed Race and American! Exploring how Race, Ethnicity, and event invites in native american jobs in the 1800s inbox week! An 1850 census of McHenry County, Illinois lists over 2,500 farmers and waterways and! Early 1800s I mean oil appropriate for further study, but exclude the foreign born months gathered. Located in small towns or large cities as having a 0 percent change the possibility racial. Have 19 percent lower odds decrease in odds, but exclude the foreign born after accounting for various factors... 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And Arizona are all such states and facial hair styles of the century progressed tailoring... Their work according to the French and British that many european Americans working in early! On reservation = living on or close to the seasons the economic hardship among American Indians and Alaska Natives1 26.4! N.D. Quechan tribe: Introductory Information have higher employment rates of American Indians and Alaska Natives1 ( 26.4 percent lived... And Arizona are all such states in U.S. history began in the region 's woodlands and.! Cultural Foundations of American Indians, but exclude the foreign born institutions ( CDFI ) are an important to... On or close to reservations or Tribal lands, Neonatal, and children working long in!
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