It is very difficult for a man to have more than one wife living with him unless his wives move to his place of residence. What is exogamy? in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). 2007. 2004. Almost all societies also have the custom of marriage, so a marriage partner is usually part of the basic family unit. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. Why? Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. 2021. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. This would result in a patchwork of small plots of land controlled by different groups. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. 2018). Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. brideservice The marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class or caste. Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. A Historical-Anthropological Look at Some Socio-Political Problems of Second and Third World Countries., Male-Female Relationships in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Study of Sex and Intimacy., Cross-cultural codes on husband-wife relationships., The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistance and Polygyny: A Log Linear Analysis., Terminological Correlates of Cross-Cousin Marriage., Cross-cultural patterns of marriage and inheritance: A phylogenetic approach., The Economics of Exogamous Marriage in Smallscale Societies., On the Origin and Extension of the Incest Taboo., Male-Female Bonding: A Cross-Species Study of Mammals and Birds., Resource distribution, social competition, and mating patterns in human societies., Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia., The Fireland Indians: Vol. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. The Nayar were a subcaste in India. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. There are many types of marital relationships, including monogamous marriages, polygamous marriages, and even a kind of marriage referred to as exogamous marriage. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. 1969. Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. Why? carvings Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Why? Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. Extended family households are more likely in societies where. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. Why? The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. Community exogamy/endogamy. Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). 2000. 1990. Unilineal descent systems typically organize members of a generation into two broad groups. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. It does not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). At no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission, which helps us run this blog and keep our in-depth content free of charge for all our readers. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. Higher wealth inequality predicts more polygyny amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations (Ross et al. economy And, in both cases, males were frequently absent. 3) Women less dependent on men. Some examples of endogamy include marrying within the family, clan, tribe, and casteor the same social, cultural, religious, or ethnic group. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. While they are rarely the typical form of marriage in a society, societies practicing polyandry to some degree are more likely to have an opposite sex ratio favoring males rather than females (Starkweather and Hames 2012 see polyandry section below). 1975. Quinlan, Robert J., and Marsha B. Quinlan. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. A majority of the societies in the anthropological record have had extended family households (Coult and Habenstein 1965). However,. Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). residence A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. Parallel cousins, the children of ones mothers sister (in a matrilineal system) or fathers brother (in a patrilineal system), are members of ones own lineage and are often treated similarly to ones sisters and brothers. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. Families are essential for human development. On the other hand, bride price. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 1976. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. 1900. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. Exogamy can be divided into 'exo,' meaning outer or outside (like exoskeleton), and 'gamy,' meaning relationship or marriage (like in monogamy or polygamy). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Ancient Rome Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Whiting, John W. M., and Beatrice B. Whiting. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. Other causes of sex ratio imbalance in favor of females include migration of men for work or trade. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. anthropology news IntroductionMarriage is a social institution that is regulated by laws and cultural practices. In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. necropolis Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Why? A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. mile Durkheim[9] derives exogamy from totemism. Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. 2004. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. Societal complexity is mid-range (Blumberg and Winch 1972). The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. 2019. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. 4) Stress of marriage. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. Why? Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. Alternatively, indirect dowry can be thought of as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry. State societies are likely to have less male mortality because fighting forces tend to be specialized; therefore male mortality is less likely to be an important factor. Co-wives tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny (Whiting and Whiting 1975). Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom. In endogamous, marriages with the same families are prohibited. According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. In contrast, a man and woman in a more-or-less stable union not only share one set of children, but have no conflicts regarding other children to support. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low. The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. But why polygyny? There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. To be an extended family household, members need not live in the same dwelling. The second may be related to that finding that polygyny is associated with lower warmth toward children presumably because mothers have little help in childcare (Korotayev and Bondarenko 2000). Therefore allowing some cousin marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction of the group. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Dow, Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and Simon Woodcock. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. Ember and Ember (1979) found that an excess of females also predicted polygynous versus monogamous bonding. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. magic some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. 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